Secondary metabolism was notably impaired, with universal suppression of anthocyanin biosynthesis—penicillin showed highly significant inhibition ( p < 0.01), and streptomycin showed moderate suppression ( p < 0.05) ( Figure 5 d).
Although the observed shifts did not reach statistical significance, the increased prevalence of predicted mobile elements and potentially pathogenic bacteria in Z-callus and L-callus suggests a potential long-term implication for host health, based on these computational predictions.