A Biomimetic Macrophage-Membrane-Fused Liposomal System Loaded with GVs-HV Recombinant Plasmid for Targeted Anti-Atherosclerosis Therapy.

In HUVECs ( Figure 4 G), both oxLDL-induced and GVs-HV@MM-Lipo-treated groups showed an increasing trend in IFN-γ, with the oxLDL group having a more significant upward trend; in Raw 264.7 foam cells ( Figure 4 F), no such increasing trend in IFN-γ was observed in the GVs-HV@MM-Lipo-treated group. α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) are markers of the vascular endothelium [ 42 ], which are associated with the proliferation of vascular endothelial-producing cells, and are indicators capable of maintaining lesion stability.

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Notably, the GVs-HV@MM-Lipo+US group showed a trend of slightly reduced plaque area compared to the GVs-HV@MM-Lipo group ( Figure 6 B), though the difference was not statistically significant.

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The above proinflammatory factors showed a decreasing trend during treatment in all groups, with greater anti-inflammatory capacity in the GVs-HV@MM-Lipo+US group ( Figure 6 E and Figure S12 ).

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