Virtual Reality for Perioperative Care in Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Although the pooled effect did not reach statistical significance, the direction of benefit is clinically meaningful in the context of cardiac surgery, where heightened anticipatory anxiety has been linked to poorer recovery, longer hospitalization, and increased postoperative complications [ 22 ].

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Meta-analysis of seven trials showed a nonsignificant trend toward lower preoperative anxiety with VR versus control (standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.23; 95% CI -0.50 to 0.04, low heterogeneity (I2 = 37%)).

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