Optimization of biochar production from Rumex abyssinicus using response surface methodology and its application in amending degraded soil.

Sci Rep · 2025 · PMC12749107 · PMID 41291010

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0548

closest p · 1.1× alpha

0.0548

boldest claim

The sentences

approached significancep = 0.0548so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Electrical conductivity (EC) approached significance (F = 5.66; p = 0.0548), indicating increased ionic activity without exceeding salinity thresholds.

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

The effect of individual factors on biochar yield Biochar yield exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing carbonization temperature across the tested range (600–900 °C).

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highly significantno p-value reported

The statistical analysis of the quadratic regression model reveals a Model F-value of 69.66, indicating that the model is highly significant, with only a 0.01% probability that such a large F-value could arise due to random noise.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.