Characterization of factors influencing swarm dynamics and mating efficiency in Anopheles coluzzii.

Moran’s index of 0.2 and a highly significant P -value confirm a nonrandom distribution, reinforcing the role of environmental and anthropogenic factors in swarm formation and identifying hotspots that could be prioritized in vector control strategies.

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While these trends did not reach statistical significance in our field study, they are in line with previous reports that larger males may achieve higher mating success owing to competitive advantages such as improved flight performance, acoustic signaling, or pheromone production [ 16 , 25 , 30 ].

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