Impact of guided inquiry-based laboratory experiments on secondary school students' attitudes toward biology in Ethiopia: A quasi-experimental study.

PLoS One · 2025 · PMC12753076 · PMID 41468468

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0000

closest p · 0.0× alpha

0.0000

boldest claim

The sentences

highly significantp = 1.7154E-13actually significant

This difference was highly significant (t = 12.58, p = 1.7154E-13) and was associated with an exceptionally large effect size (d = 3.68).

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practically significantno p-value reported

According to Lakens [ 28 ], an effect size greater than 0.80 is considered large, and values above 1.00 reflect a highly meaningful and practically significant difference in real world educational settings.

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approached significanceno p-value reported

In the CG, gender differences persisted or approached significance, with females continuing to score higher than males in enthusiasm (M = 4.44 vs.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.