The impact of chronic opioid use on influenza vaccine-induced antibody responses has been previously examined only in a small study with a limited number of young PWoH, who used heroin ( 43 ) and showed a trend towards enhanced HAI Ab titer compared to those who did not use heroin, but did not show statistically significant differences ( 43 ).
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Chronic opioid use is associated with higher antibody response to influenza vaccination in people living with HIV.
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