Association between livestock exposures and human tuberculosis in Wardha, Central India: An exploratory case-control study.

PLoS One · 2026 · PMC12758689 · PMID 41481636

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0500

closest p · 1.0× alpha

0.0700

boldest claim

The sentences

marginal significancep = 0.050actually significant

Contact with goats showed the strongest association with TB (OR=2.81, 95% CI: 0.78–9.37, p = 0.089), which reached marginal significance after adjustment for age and sex (aOR=3.03, 95% CI: 1.00–9.17, p = 0.050).

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did not reach statistical significancep = 0.07so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Several livestock exposures showed protective trends that did not reach statistical significance: cattle contact (OR=0.44, 95% CI: 0.16–1.07, p = 0.07), cattle ownership (OR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.27–1.42, p = 0.29), and any livestock ownership (OR=0.71, 95% CI: 0.33–1.48, p = 0.40).

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borderline significanceno p-value reported

While goat contact showed a marginal association with human TB, the lack of infection in goats, low statistical power, and borderline significance suggest this finding reflects unmeasured confounding or chance rather than true risk.

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