Consistent with previous findings 28 , native InsB 12–20 -specific CD4 + T cells in recent-onset patients showed a trend toward memory differentiation (CD95 + CD45RA − ), but this shift was not statistically significant and only became evident in established T1D ( Fig. 7b ).
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A microenvironment-driven HLA-II-associated insulin neoantigen elicits persistent memory T cell activation in diabetes.
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