Factor structure and measurement invariance of the Turkish COA-IIIA among pre-service teachers in a centralized education system.

Sci Rep · 2025 · PMC12764868 · PMID 41339412

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only marginally significantno p-value reported

For Irr, third-year and fourth-year students scored somewhat lower than first-years (d ≈ − 0.36), though these were only marginally significant.

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