A randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled, 2×2 factorial trial of aerobic vs. non-aerobic exercise and motor cortex transcranial direct current stimulation in fibromyalgia: effects on clinical outcomes and descending pain modulation.

When pooling the active tDCS conditions (Groups 1 and 2) and comparing them to the pooled sham conditions (Groups 3 and 4), the difference in CPM response approached significance (mean difference = 0.54, t (114) = 1.90, p = 0.056), As a secondary analysis, we tested the effects of tDCS and exercise modality (aerobic vs. treadmill) on CPM using a 2 × 2 factorial linear mixed-effects model with a random intercept for participants.

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the combined Groups 2, 3, and 4 did not reach significance (p = 0.15), though a small trend was observed in favor of Group 1.

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An independent t-test yielded a t-statistic of 2.00 and a p-value of 0.050, indicating a marginally significant difference between groups.

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