Multifunctional biofunctionalized hybrid nanoantifungals with novel active coating agents based on cinnamaldehyde- and β-cyclocitral-modified polydopamine.

The dMSNs-GER-DOPA = CIN and dMSNs-GER-DOPA = βETA groups showed values of 2.0 mg/g and 2.3 mg/g, respectively—both significantly different from the infected control, with the CIN-functionalized formulation showing a highly significant normalization (p < 0.01).These findings show the capacity of the designed nanocarriers to preserve photosynthetic homeostasis in infected seedlings, likely by controlling pathogen proliferation and maintaining physiological integrity.

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However, this deviation did not reach statistical significance and does not reflect generalized toxicity.

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