Extracellular vesicles derived from pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages induce an inflammatory and invasive phenotype in melanoma cells.

Cell Commun Signal · 2025 · PMC12781609 · PMID 41339851

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Inhibition of TLR4 significantly reversed the M1 EV -induced upregulation of IL1B and showed a trend toward reduced CXCL8 expression, whereas the other receptor inhibitors or antagonists had no effect on the M1 EV -induced upregulation of CXCL8 or IL1B (Fig. 4 B).

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