Predictors of Survival in Patients Aged ≥70 with Glioblastoma: A Time-Dependent Multivariable Analysis.

Sensitivity analyses addressing missing smoking data confirmed the robustness of this effect: HRs for smokers versus non-smokers remained around 1.9–2.0 with borderline significance ( p = 0.036–0.052), and although attenuated when “unknowns” were treated as smokers (HR = 1.53; p = 0.089), the direction of association persisted.

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Gross total resection was independently associated with a significantly lower hazard of death compared with subtotal resection; however, corresponding differences in restricted mean survival time were small and did not reach statistical significance, suggesting that any absolute survival benefit of GTR over STR is modest and uncertain in this cohort.

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