Pilot Proteomic Analysis of Urinary Extracellular Vesicles Supports the "Toxic Urine Hypothesis" as a Vicious Cycle in Refractory IC/BPS Pathogenesis.

Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) using Hallmark gene sets showed enrichment trends toward mTORC1 signaling, MYC targets, glycolysis, estrogen response, fatty acid metabolism, and PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling in treated IC/BPS patients, though these did not reach statistical significance after multiple testing correction ( Figure 4 A).

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