The stress-strain analysis of the entire construction process of underground diaphragm wall based on self-sensing FRP bar monitoring.

31 , both the stress increment values and their mean values are positive, exhibiting an overall trend of initial decline followed by an increase.

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As construction advanced, the cumulative strain showed a trend of increasing tensile strain or decreasing compressive strain, reaching its peak or inflection point on December 8.

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In the 8–26 m depth range, the stress increment is symmetrically distributed around zero, but the mean value shows an increasing trend, indicating a complex stress environment at this depth.

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