The pooled odds ratio for seroma formation with early or no drain removal versus standard protocols was 1.99 (95 % CI: 0.96–4.14), with moderate heterogeneity observed (I2 = 54 %), indicating a trend toward increased seroma risk with early drain removal, though this did not reach statistical significance in the meta-analysis.
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Strategies to prevent seroma formation after mastectomy surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
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