Water extract of Ampelopsis grossedentata improves reproductive performance in laying hens by regulating gut microbiota and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

WEA affects immune function and organ indexes Compared with the control group, the WEA-M group showed a highly significant increase in serum IgG levels (P < 0.01), while the WEA-L group exhibited a significant elevation in ALB levels and a reduction in glucose ( GLU ) levels (P < 0.05).

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Additionally, WEA significantly suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β (P < 0.01) and IL-2 (P < 0.01), and showed a decreasing trend in TNF-α (P = 0.0901, Fig. 2 G–J).

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However, there was a trend toward increased egg weight in the WEA groups, particularly compared to the control (P = 0.098, Table s4).Further analysis revealed that, relative to the control group, the WEA-L, WEA-M, and WEA-H groups exhibited significantly higher, egg shape index (P < 0.01), yolk color score (P < 0.05), and yolk index (P < 0.05), with haugh unit also showing an increasing trend (P = 0.096, Table s5).

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In this context, the present study measured serum levels of these immunoglobulins and found that WEA supplementation significantly increased IgG concentrations and showed a trend toward elevated IgA levels.

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The results were expressed as "mean ± SEM", P<0.05 was deemed a significant difference, and 0.05<P<0.1 was considered as a trend toward significance.

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