Efficacy of probiotic intervention in unmedicated depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Front Psychiatry · 2025 · PMC12819584 · PMID 41573044

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Specifically, significant improvements were observed in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), whereas results from the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales - Depression subscale (DASS-depression), and Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) did not reach statistical significance.

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