Psychological distress among Japanese high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic: An energy landscape analysis.

After modeling nonlinear developmental trajectories of each brain feature using GAMMs with participant-level random effects and extracting individual deviations from these models, GLMM analyses revealed a decreasing trend in the cortical thickness of the caudal part of the middle frontal gyrus (cMFG) during adolescence, and the degree of decrease was greater in G2 than in G1 after false discovery rate (FDR) correction ( t = − 3 . 8 3 , p = 0 . 0 0 0 1 6 , q = 0 . 0 1 2 ; Fig 4C ).

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When we compared the mean of the total K6 score across the four periods, there was a significant trend indicating a decrease in the K6 score in Period 2 and then a slight increase in Periods 3 and 4 (Jonckheere–Terpstra trend test, p = 0 . 0 3 8 ) ( Fig 2E ; see also S9 Fig ).

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