Associations Between Prepregnancy Menstrual Characteristics, Age at Menarche, and the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Matched Case-Control Study.

J Diabetes Res · 2026 · PMC12827057 · PMID 41584407

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

20.05%, p = 0.051), although this difference did not reach statistical significance.

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highly significantno p-value reported

In contrast, menarche at 12 years continued to be a highly significant predictor of GDM risk, regardless of whether confounding factors were adjusted for, and was associated with an approximately 44% increase in risk (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.25–1.66, p < 0.001; aOR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.25–1.67, p < 0.001).

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