Prevalence and determinants of vitamin D deficiency among children aged 9 months to 12 years at a tertiary care center in western India: a cross-sectional study.

BMC Pediatr · 2025 · PMC12828979 · PMID 41402832

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0010

closest p · 0.0× alpha

0.0800

boldest claim

The sentences

highly significantp < 0.001actually significant

There was a highly significant association between sun exposure duration and vitamin D status ( p < 0.001).

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a trend towards significancep = 0.08so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Socioeconomic status showed a trend towards significance ( p = 0.08), with the highest deficiency observed in the upper socioeconomic class (71.4%), followed by middle (38.8%) and lower (31.4%) classes.

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approached significanceno p-value reported

We planned exploratory trend interpretation when p approached significance (0.05–0.10) while emphasizing the risk of type I error.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.