Pre-COVID-19 ex vivo cross-reactive IFN-γ cellular response to SARS-CoV-2 spike overlapping peptides is more prevalent among Kenyan compared to Swedish adults.

BMC Infect Dis · 2026 · PMC12849388 · PMID 41547725

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentence

—

closest p

—

boldest claim

The sentences

did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

The frequencies for SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific TNF-α CD4+, TNF-α CD8 + and IFN- γ CD8 + T-cell responses, tended to be higher in the Kenyan adults although these differences did not reach statistical significance.

also in 111,027 other papers

Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.