Bridging a curriculum gap: a structured model for integrating head and neck ultrasound training into undergraduate dental education.

Substantial improvements in theoretical knowledge were observed across all domains From T1 to T2, participants showed highly significant gains in overall test performance (mean score increase: +36.3%, p < 0.001, d = − 4.1), with particularly large effects in the categories “normal findings” (d = − 5.2, p < 0.001), “ultrasound basics” (d = − 2.1, p < 0.001), “assignment task” (d= -1.8, p < 0.001), and “pathologies” (d = − 1.3, p < 0.001).

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However, this difference did not reach statistical significance ( p = 0.34; d = -0.294).

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