Physiological determinants of heart rate responses and bout-to-bout stability during 2v2 and 4v4 small-sided games in football players.

Front Public Health · 2026 · PMC12855520 · PMID 41624128

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hedged sentence

0.1900

closest p · 3.8× alpha

0.1900

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The sentences

did not reach statistical significancep = 0.19not close (p > 0.1)

When comparing formats, mean HR was slightly higher in 2v2 than in 4v4, but the estimate was imprecise and did not reach statistical significance (166.9 ± 5.1 vs. 165.3 ± 6.0 bpm; mean paired difference Δ = 1.60 bpm, 95% CI − 0.80 to 4.00; t39 = 1.35, p = 0.19, Cohen’s d = 0.21).

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