For aerobic endurance, PML yielded an SMD of 15.74 (95% CI: [-1.28, 32.76]; p = 0.06), indicating a trend toward longer distances covered compared to NPML and NML, though this result was marginally non-significant.
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Effects of preferred music listening on physical and psychological parameters in sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression.
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For NML, the SMD was 1.30 (95% CI [0.49, 2.11]), with similarly high heterogeneity ( I 2 = 80%), indicating that despite a positive trend, variability between studies remains a key limitation in interpreting these results.
The overall SMD was 15.74 (95% CI [–1.28, 32.76], t 5 = 2.38, p = 0.06), suggesting a trend toward improved aerobic endurance under PML compared to NPML and NML, although this effect did not reach statistical significance.