Urinary bacterial spectrum and antibiotic resistance trends at a Urology Clinic in Hungary between 2012 and 2023.

Ciprofloxacin resistance rates showed the most substantial decrease across the study period (50.18%), with the decreased being highly significant (Spearman’s rho = − 0.839, very strong negative tendency, 95% CI − 0.954, − 0.511, p = 0.001).

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pneumoniae also decreased (from 22 to 14% and from 14 to 12%, respectively), but only the latter showed a significant trend (Spearman’s rho = − 0.748, strong negative tendency, 95% CI − 0.925, − 0.305, p = 0.005).

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