The pooled effect size for the ODI scale was SMD = −0.094, 95% CI: −0.219 to 0.031, p = 0.140, with high heterogeneity (I 2 = 92.1%, p = 0.000), indicating significant differences in results within this subgroup and that the overall effect did not reach statistical significance ( Figure 4 ).
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Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
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