Blood measure of neuronal death is exponentially higher with age, especially in females, and halted in Alzheimer's disease by GM-CSF treatment.

The exponential curve of NfL plasma concentrations with age showed a trend of being steeper for males than for females (ratio of ratios = 1.00487, 95% CI: [1.00000, 1.00976], p = 0.0502), with an estimated difference per year of 2.775% (95% CI: [2.388%, 3.164%], p < 2.220 × 10 −16 ) for males compared to an estimated difference per year of 2.277% (95% CI: [1.965%, 2.590%], p < 2.220 × 10 −16 ) for females ( Figure 2 C).

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