Shared and divergent patterns in narrative skills: comparing English monolingual and Japanese-English bilingual children.

Front Psychol · 2026 · PMC12867929 · PMID 41646927

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0010

closest p · 0.0× alpha

0.0600

boldest claim

The sentences

near-significantp < 0.001actually significant

To explore the near-significant interaction, Tukey HSD post-hoc analysis revealed significant differences between bilingual preschoolers ( M = 5.82) and bilingual school-age ( M = 8.43), p < 0.001, and bilingual preschoolers (M = 5.82) and monolingual school-age ( M = 7.92), p < 0.01.

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nearing significancep = 0.06so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

For microstructure, MLUm was significant, F (3, 52) = 9.75, p < 0.001, R 2 = 0.36, with Language group not being significant, p = 0.60, the interaction between Language and Age group nearing significance, p = 0.06, and Age group being significant, p < 0.001.

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