Using an inverse-variance fixed-effect model, the pooled effect did not reach statistical significance (SMD = − 0.17; 95% CI, − 0.38 to 0.04; Z = 1.62; P = 0.11).
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The effects of aerobic exercise on quality of life and motor function in patients with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Because higher PDQ-39 scores indicate poorer quality of life, the negative SMD suggests a small trend toward lower PDQ-39 scores in the aerobic exercise group compared with the control group, with an effect size in the small range according to Cohen’s conventional thresholds; however, the absence of statistical significance warrants cautious interpretation, as shown in Fig. 9 .