A significant increase in the basal level of LC3-II, along with a near-significant trend of LC3-II accumulation under condition where the autophagy flux is blocked by autophagy inhibitors (Leu/ NH 4 Cl), were observed in retinas of L. helveticus -supplemented mice compared with those of control animals (Fig. 4 A-B).
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The food grade bacterium Lactobacillus helveticus VEL12193 promotes autophagy by releasing membrane vesicles.
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