The dose-effect relationship of aquatic exercise in improving physical function in older adults.

Analysis based on the intervention program revealed that for the resistance + aerobic exercise group, the results of the meta-analysis were highly significant (MD = 3.98; 95% CI: 1.89 to 6.06; I 2 = 98.0%; P < 0.001).

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Upper limb joint mobility did not reach statistical significance (MD = −0.99), possibly because of the lack of multiplane movements of the shoulder joint or insufficient resistance load, suggesting the need for stronger task-oriented design.

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