'Unwilling' vs. 'Unable': do domesticated dogs choose partners based on their intentional actions?

Anim Cogn · 2026 · PMC12886311 · PMID 41649623

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only marginally significantno p-value reported

However, Experiment 4 disrupted this pattern, with dogs choosing the unwilling experimenter tending to approach faster (though this difference was only marginally significant).

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