Association between heavy metals exposure and depression: findings of the NHANES from 2003 to 2020.

Eur J Med Res · 2026 · PMC12888277 · PMID 41530888

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borderline significantno p-value reported

Although the association was borderline significant in single-metal models, its prominence in WQS and BKMR analyses suggests that antimony may contribute to depression risk through synergistic interactions within metal mixtures.

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

In this case, even though associations in the Q2 (Q2: OR = 1.07, 95% CI 0.83–1.39, p = 0.595) and Q4 (Q4: OR = 1.25, 95% CI 0.93–1.68, p = 0.134) groups, where hazard ratios (HR) exceeded one, did not reach statistical significance, the upward trend suggested a potential positive relationship between antimony exposure and depression risk.

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