Pulmonary fibroblasts activated by the addition of TNF-α and IL-4 enhance lymphangiogenic capacity and ameliorate lung fibrosis in an allogeneic rat model.

Additionally, the expression levels of IL6 (inflammatory cytokine), αSMA (myofibroblast marker), and Col1a1 (fibrotic marker) showed reductions in both the fibroblast-treated groups, with rPF + CKs tending toward greater reductions than rPF, though these differences did not reach statistical significance ( Fig 5A ).

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