γ-Aminobutyric acid and glutamate dysregulation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of adolescents with first-episode major depressive disorder and the modulatory effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Psychoradiology · 2026 · PMC12892002 · PMID 41684636

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

In responders (the total effective cases), post-rTMS assessments revealed significant neurochemical changes in the left DLPFC: GABA+ levels increased significantly ( P < 0.05), while Glx levels showed a decreasing trend (though not statistically significant, P = 0.188).

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showed a trendno p-value reported

Patients in the “cured” and “markedly effective” categories showed a trend toward increased GABA+ in the left DLPFC, consistent with the overall responder analysis.

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