Reconsidering the role of L2 self-motivational and affective factors in AI-mediated informal digital learning of English: a mixed-methods study.

Front Psychol · 2026 · PMC12894280 · PMID 41694015

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

In regard to the fourth question, unexpectedly, the direct influence of AI-IDLE on learners’ self-efficacy beliefs in speaking did not reach statistical significance.

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practically significantno p-value reported

Therefore, the observed R 2 values exceeding 0.30 in this study supported the presence of meaningful, practically significant relationships.

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