highly significantp < 0.001
The spatial smooth term was highly significant (edf = 37.33, p < 0.001), and the model explained 55.5% of deviance (adjusted R 2 = 0.516; Table 3 ).
The spatial smooth term was highly significant (edf = 37.33, p < 0.001), and the model explained 55.5% of deviance (adjusted R 2 = 0.516; Table 3 ).
Urban cover showed a weak negative trend but did not reach statistical significance at α = 0.05 (β = −0.0041, p = 0.068), and the remaining covariates were not significant after accounting for spatial structure ( p > 0.05).