Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Biomarker Profiles: A BMI-Stratified Analysis of Gremlin 1 and BMP 4-A Cross-Sectional Study.

Diagnostics (Basel) · 2026 · PMC12896937 · PMID 41681735

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failed to reach significanceno p-value reported

Conversely, serum BMP 4 levels showed an increase in the GDM group that similarly failed to reach significance.

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borderline significantno p-value reported

Fetal birth weight showed a borderline significant increase in the GDM group, suggesting a trend toward fetal overgrowth.

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Median Gremlin 1 levels tended to be higher in the overweight/obese group compared with the normal weight group, although the difference did not reach statistical significance.

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borderline significanceno p-value reported

The borderline significance in our study may reflect adequate glycemic control in our GDM cohort or limited sample size to detect this effect definitively.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.