Integrating enzymatic hydrolysis and nanoparticle catalysis for sustainable bioethanol production from pumpkin and dragon fruit pomace by non-conventional yeasts based fermentation prosesses.

A clear trend emerges across all raw materials: as the initial biomass loading increases from 50 g/L to 150 g/L, ethanol production and reducing sugar levels both increase.

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Similar to ZnO, in the case of Fe2O3, a decreasing trend was evident with increasing nanoparticle loading: the maximum bioethanol concentration (31.65 g/L) was obtained at 10 mg/100 mL, whereas increasing the concentration to 40 mg/100 mL reduced the yield to 15.85 g/L.

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