Modulation of LPS-associated virulence activity for reduction of periodontal inflammatory burden.

In salivary samples, inhibition was matrix-specific: while both inhibitors significantly reduced IL-8 and TNF-α levels by 44–58% and 48–58%, respectively (all p < 0.05), the suppression of IL-1α and IL-1β did not reach statistical significance in most conditions ( p > 0.05).

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Across pooled samples, the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1α exhibited an increasing trend congruent with the progressive enhancement of innate immune activation ( Kusiak and Brady, 2022 ; Van Dyke, 2017 ).

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