In water or on land? A network meta-analysis of aquatic and land-based exercise interventions for pain and disability in chronic lower back pain.

Front Med (Lausanne) · 2026 · PMC12907308 · PMID 41704683

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

By contrast, land-based exercise + general care (SMD = 1.55, 95% CI − 0.18–3.27; p = 0.078) and general care (SMD = 1.02, 95% CI − 0.13–2.17; p = 0.081) did not reach statistical significance.

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