Esketamine alleviates COPD-depression comorbidity in rats via MAPK/NF-κB inhibition and gut-lung-brain axis modulation.

Consistent with prior reports, our preliminary CS-only cohort exhibited mild reductions in locomotor activity and sucrose preference, but these changes did not reach statistical significance, suggesting that smoke exposure by itself is insufficient to reproduce the full behavioral spectrum of COPD-related affective disturbances.

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