Mechanistic evaluation of static and dynamic adsorption of <i>Brassica juncea</i> derived gemini surfactants: implications to enhanced oil recovery.

These results highlight a clear trend, as the number of amine groups and the spacer length between them increased, the adsorption of the surfactants decreased. 50,62–64 This behaviour is attributed to the increased steric hindrance and enhanced hydrophilicity of surfactants with longer spacers and more terminal amine groups, which reduce their affinity for rock surfaces. 44,65,66 The nonionic nature of these surfactants further limits electrostatic interaction with the negatively charged mineral surfaces, particularly in carbonate formations that are typically less reactive than sandstone.

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