highly significantP < 0.001
Multifactorial ANOVA revealed highly significant effects of distance on the aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB), total biomass (TB), and root-to-shoot ratio (R/S) of the plants ( P < 0.001), with significant species and distance interactions ( P < 0.05 or P < 0.001), indicating differential spatial responses between species.