Metformin suppresses MEN1-associated pancreatic and pituitary neuroendocrine tumors: evidence from mouse models and clinical data.

Metformin treatment reduced the expression of proliferation-associated genes, including a significant decrease in Bcl6 and a decreasing trend in Ccnd1 compared with untreated controls ( Fig. 2E ).

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Notably, metformin treatment showed a trend toward increased expression of cell cycle regulators, such as p21 and Cdkn1b (not statistically significant), while significantly reducing the expression of the angiogenesis-related gene Mmp9 and showing decreasing trends in Mmp2 and the inflammation-associated gene Nos2 ( Fig. 4D and E ).

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