Experimental investigation and optimization of mechanical and tribological performances of bio-based sustainable hybrid composites incorporating Nano-SiO₂ fillers.

The ANOVA results for tensile strength indicate that the quadratic model is highly significant (Model F = 35.51, p = 0.0005).

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The effect of Nano-SiO2 concentration follows a clear trend: 1.5 wt% shows modest improvements, 3 wt% achieves a balanced combination of crack deflection and energy absorption, while 4.5 wt% reduces toughness due to agglomeration acting as crack initiators 71 .

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