Unsafe drinking water and human health: A global umbrella review of disease outcomes, intervention effectiveness, and policy implications.

Cell Rep Med · 2026 · PMC12923958 · PMID 41643660

Europe PMC DOI

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Another broader meta-analysis, encompassing exposure to either EC or thermotolerant coliforms, indicated a slight increase in diarrhea risk (RR = 1.25, 95% CI: 0.99–1.58), but this did not reach statistical significance.

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highly significantno p-value reported

In terms of health risks, this study identified several statistically highly significant contaminant-health associations.

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not clearly significantno p-value reported

For rectal cancer (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.95–1.31) and pancreatic cancer (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.00–1.19), the effect estimates approached statistical significance but were not clearly significant.

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