a strong trendp = 0.09
A subsequent Competing Risks Analysis (CRA ) using the Fine and Gray model was performed to distinguish between cancer-specific death and other causes of death: (1) Cancer-Specific Death (CSD): assignment to the unfavorable biologic profile (Class 1) was more strongly associated with CSD than with OS (Subdistribution HR: 2.05 [95 % CI: 1.10–4.20], p = 0.012), consistent with a statistical association between the unfavorable biologic profile and cancer aggressiveness (2) Non-Cancer Death (NCD): Assignment to the unfavorable biologic profile (Class 1) showed a strong trend towards increased NCD risk (Subdistribution HR: 1.45 [95 % CI: 0.95–2.20], p = 0.09), consistent with the profile's strong correlation with advanced age and general frailty.